Bladder & Urinary Disorders

Diagram showing sympathetic adrenergic control: noradrenaline and β3-adrenoceptor agonists, such as mirabegron, binding to β3-adrenoceptors on the bladder and causing smooth muscle relaxation.

Beta-3-Adrenoceptor Agonists

Illustration comparing a normal bladder with contracted sphincter and closed urethra to a stress-incontinence bladder with relaxed sphincter, open urethra, and urine leakage.

Urinary Incontinence

Diagram showing muscarinic antagonists blocking M3 receptors in the bladder, preventing acetylcholine binding and inhibiting voluntary bladder contraction.

Antimuscarinics for Urinary Incontinence

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