Asthma & Airway Disease

Diagram of bronchodilator mechanisms showing β₂ agonists increasing cAMP, theophylline inhibiting PDE and adenosine, and muscarinic antagonists inhibiting acetylcholine, leading to bronchodilation.

Inhaled β₂-agonists

Flowchart outlining NICE asthma diagnosis: assess eosinophils or FeNO, then bronchodilator reversibility by spirometry; if unavailable, measure peak expiratory flow variability, with bronchial challenge referral if needed.

Asthma

Infographic listing CYP1A2 inducers—tobacco smoking, rifampicin, St John’s wort, and alcohol—and inhibitors—ciprofloxacin, fluvoxamine, combined oral contraceptives, and isoniazid.

Theophylline

Infographic titled “Antimuscarinic Adverse Effects,” showing illustrated digestive, brain, mouth, eye, heart, and bladder icons with listed effects including constipation, dizziness, confusion, hallucinations, sedation, dry mouth, dry throat, blurred vision, dry eyes, tachycardia, and urinary retention.

Inhaled Muscarinic Antagonists

Diagram of glucocorticoid mechanisms showing membrane entry, glucocorticoid receptor signaling, genomic and non-genomic effects, inflammation suppression, and associated beneficial effects and side effects.

Inhaled Corticosteroids

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Parenteral Anticoagulants

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Hormonal Therapies

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ACE Inhibitors and ARBs

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