Antibiotics

Diagram of a bacterial ribosome showing 50S and 30S subunits, E, P, and A sites, an mRNA strand, tRNAs, and blocked peptide-chain translocation illustrating macrolide action.

Macrolides

Diagram of a bacterium showing antibiotic targets: protein synthesis at the ribosome, nucleic acid synthesis at DNA, cell wall synthesis, cell membrane function, and folic acid metabolism.

Tetracyclines

Diagram of a bacterial cell showing mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance: reduced antibiotic influx and increased efflux, altered antibiotic binding sites, antibiotic inactivation by phosphorylation, and reduced cell wall permeability.

Quinolones

Diagram showing five stages of penicillin inhibiting penicillin-binding protein during bacterial peptidoglycan cross-linking, with a labeled legend.

Pharmacology of Penicillins

Diagram of penicillin adverse effects, including allergic reactions, severe cutaneous reactions, hepatitis and cholestatic jaundice, thrush, and antibiotic-associated colitis.

Clinical Safety of Penicillins

Carbapenems

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