Epilepsy & Antiseizure Medicines

Diagram showing phenytoin blocking a voltage-gated sodium channel in a cell membrane, with sodium ions above and an action-potential graph below.

Phenytoin

Diagram of valproate’s mechanisms of action: increased GABA activity, inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels, and inhibition of T-type calcium channels.

Valproate

Diagram showing carbamazepine blocking a voltage-gated sodium channel in a cell membrane, with an action potential graph and listed effects including reduced neurotransmitter release and neuronal firing.

Carbamazepine

Diagram comparing partial (focal) and primary generalized epileptic seizures, showing a localized cortical focus versus a central focus with activity spreading across both brain hemispheres.

Epilepsy

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